Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. eCollection 2019. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. In humans, Hansotia and colleagues (34) found in humans, in accordance with our own observations in rats and cats, that oniric eye movements may be directed to one side or the other, not exclusively to one side, as stated by Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (29). University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. Gottesmann C. Theta rhythm: the brain stem involvement. Vertes RP. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. From a very weak inhibition in early infancy, it goes up rapidly up to 15 years of age, evolving asymptotically from this period on. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Confrontations Psychiatriques 1986;27:153-81. Would you like email updates of new search results? The first oscillation lasts around two hours, when sleep attains its deepest level; the ensuing cycles last less and their depth tends to decrease until arousal finally occurs, a sequence that recent research has fully confirmed. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. 54. 82. Ann Rev Psychol 1990;41:557-884. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. On Sleep and Dreams. Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. 57. The .gov means its official. Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. Neuroscience 1997;78:13-38. Foulkes (1982) considered that dreams are so easily forgotten because the brain in desynchronized sleep is in a "reflective state". For instance, during desynchronized sleep theta waves, in rats, are highly coherent in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the fronto-parietal cortex, as well as with the hippocampus (78). 46. Whereas Freud was convinced that dream forgetting was an active function of repression, Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) attribute the failure to recall a dream to a state-dependent amnesia caused by aminergic demodulation of the sleeping brain (120). 75. Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. In rats, heart rate is clearly accelerated during the periods of oniric activity, expressed as rostrum+vibrissae, eye, head, ear and limb movements. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. J Ment Nerv Dis 1966;141:623-50. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. Absence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes in rats. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. Takakusaki K, Ohta y, Mori S. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). 79. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. J Neurosci 1995;15:3500-8. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. Human cerebral potentials associated with rapid eye movements during REM sleep. Electroencerph Clin Neurophysiol 1964;17:617-29. In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. In fact, we ignore almost completely why we dream. 5. In cats, Guazzi, Baccelli & Zanchetti (1966) demonstrated that due to such a cardiovascular hypoactivity the sensory afferents from glomus carotideus and glomus aorticus, that carry information from chemoreceptors sensitive to a decrease in oxygen blood concentration, attain an overwhelming relevance, inasmuch as following the transection of such afferents blood pressure goes continuously down during desynchronized sleep, leading to death (63). Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. Depression of electrically induced reflexes (H- reflexes) in man during low voltage EEG sleep. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. Eine Methodik der Ableitung localisierter Potentialschwankungen aus subcortikalen Hirngebieten. Such electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the abovementioned sites in the central nervous system are involved in the oniric movements but they do not prove that such structures generate them. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. Kuboyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Mikami T, yamaki T, Ueda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. Erlbaum, 1992. Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam, 1962. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. J Physiol (London) 1993;461:549-63. Nucleus reticularis pontis oralis is thought to contain the generator of theta rhythm (78,79) and is known to send direct efferents to the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex, where we found theta waves that correlate closely with those in the hippocampus (Valle, Kubo, Iwamoto & Timo-Iaria, in preparation for publication). Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. 103. 48. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. The latter are absolutely necessary for any neural activity to occur, inasmuch as the oxygen required by the nervous system amounts to 20% of the total oxygen consumption (near ten times as much as the average of the body as a whole). WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. 127. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. 104. Kahn D, Pace-Schott EF, Hobson JA. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. 3. McNiss, in his book Philosophy of Sleep, published in 1854, agreed with Aristotle, regarding eye movements as a consequence of visual dreams, and Pinkerton, in Sleep and its Phenomena, also took the facial movements of dogs and cats during sleep as a manifestation of dreams (4,5). Webanalyzing dreams. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1938;128:533-9. Shiromani PJ, Winston S, McCarley RW. Marini G. Motor phenomena during sleep. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. Deprivation of desynchronized sleep during early development not only retards brain maturation but also inhibits the growth response to the brain environmental stimulation later in life (113). "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. Desynchronized sleep can be provoked by carbachol infusion in the pontine reticular formation (94). 131. As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. Chase MH, Morales FR. In addition, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery decreases during synchronized sleep whereas in desynchronized sleep it is similar to that occurring in waking (133). Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Sameshima K, yamashita R. Theta waves and behavioral manifestations of alertness and dreaming activity in the rat. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). Rothschuch KR. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. 88. 64. 71. physiological function. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. WebExplanation of Physiological function theory This may be true, but it does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams Critical considerations of Physiological function G. an analysis of potential changes in the rat Nov 3 ; 12 ( 11 ):1832. doi:.... Patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats dreams of infants is quite conspicuous under different conditions... 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physiological function dream theory