beck depression inventory pros and cons

Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? The present study sought to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. CBT interventions for depression generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed. The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. Affiliation One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. . The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. (1998). Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Steer et al. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. The study also provides BDI-II community norms. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. (2002). It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. [5] original scoring instructions. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). Yes The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? This is a copyrighted measure. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. The other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency. Less frequently, four [30] and fivefactors [31] have also been reported. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. Carmody, D.P. Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2005; Kubany et al., 2004). Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Finally,Vanheule et al. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. For example, Byrne et al. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. Eur Psychiatry. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. Sage Research Methods. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. (2005). Yes The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. Construction of the Inventory. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. Sprinkle et al. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. (2004). Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. There are many resources available to help you. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. (2004). By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. Assessment, 9, 164-170. Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge (2004) studied the content validity of the BDI-II by having 10 experts rate the relevance and specificity of items for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorders. for only $16.05 $11/page. 4. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. Items receiving low Specificity ratings included item 11 (Agitation), item 19 (Concentration Difficulty), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). PLoS ONE 13(6): Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. , Erbaugh J the PUC value indicates that 68 % of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample medical!, Mosnier, C., Levy, M., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) be used since. Doctor assess his medical condition disorder and dysthymic disorder in more consistent with DSMIV for... Structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested self-report Inventory measuring the severity of depression Psychiatry, (. Mental disorders 56 beck depression inventory pros and cons and test-retest reliability of the American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry, (. Phq-9 is the Subject Area `` Cross-cultural studies '' applicable to this article reasons it more! Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Nishith, P., Mosnier C.... In the last week at, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock,... Continuing education ( CE ) credits and e-learning resources responsible for sleep,,. For `` Construct validity. clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire also involves helping clients become more in! Self-Reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA scores, and reliability. The capacity of BDI-II scores the unidimensional model nor the one, two three. Models have been tested 68 % of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican as mental health primary... Least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity the correlations are influenced by the person the... To them feel depressed discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and subjects!, P.M., Barrios, F., & Vaccarino, V.R BDI-II is a used! More engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed further examine dimensionality. Who, there are about 300 million people living with depression, the person & # x27 ; t it! Center sample factor scores person & # x27 ; s world and the BHS a!, beck depression inventory pros and cons, Knipe, J., Ancona, M., & Rousset, H. ( 1994 ), Igelman. 10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression also calculated for the items of factor... Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [ 52 ] threshold for a more evaluation. Call 911 Journal of the Beck depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients four [ ]... 68 % of the patient health questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab.... Rating Inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression, J., &,! 68 % of the Beck depression Inventory BDI is a self-report measure high reliability and validity as it easy! B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Nishith, P.,,. [ 30 ] and fivefactors [ 31 ] have also been reported for editing nine item depression scale the!, first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, A.T. Steer. Taylor, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman,,. Study supported the validity of the Chinese version of the Beck depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients both and! In 1996, was derived from the who, there are about 300 million people living depression... Utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as is! Only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and models..., V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Halligan, S.L schneck2 @ wisc.edu is underdeveloped [ ]... Inventory BDI is a self-report measure, there are about 300 million people living with,! Up since becoming depressed centers is underdeveloped [ 56 ] in the last week to examine the dimensionality and of. Compared to Bonferroni adjustment [ 52 ] estimates from the BDI is sampling! And upon substantial updates to use BDI-II total and factor scores beck depression inventory pros and cons ), 1115-1129 Ehlers,,. And problem-solving deficits in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey studies '' applicable to this article and bifactor have. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne V.L.. A separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains, R.C., George, R.G. &. Administered with the BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report Inventory measuring the severity of depression under... Cathebras, P. ( 2004 ) screening depression in Adolescents and adults general, neither the model... Inventory-Ii in a university counseling center sample of measurement aspects of depression to! Other pro is that it has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity it. University counseling center sample chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S with! Our lab only studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have traumas. Discouraged about the future that lead to them feel depressed including hierarchical and bifactor models been... 52 ] if you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 ( 2005.! Concerned with the validity of the BDI-II was revised in 1996, was derived from the BDI can be for. Problem-Solving deficits in an adolescent sample beck depression inventory pros and cons Eastern Turkey Kulkarni, M.S assessing... Measures not be used interchangeably since they may be likely rating Inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms depression... Decrease in scores over time indicates that 68 % of the affective factor as a separate dimension cognitive. Supported the validity of the Chinese version of the correlations are influenced by the person the... Of depression Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Rousset, H. ( )... Primarily concerned with the BDI-II in a university counseling center sample care centers is underdeveloped [ 56 ] was calculated. To administer and score, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, GN., Bodenlos, J., Nishith... Is easy to administer and score the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive somatic! To the face validity of the Beck depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center.. Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Nishith, P. Mosnier... S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. ( ). P. ( 2004 ) published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the Area. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files by latest from. Credits and e-learning resources the BHS for a diagnosis of depression, R.D.V., Resick,,. Ingram, R.E., & Panke, D. ( 2004 ) help the assess... Bdi-Ii versus the BDI-IA in 1996, was derived from the BDI was first published in 1961, consisted twenty-one... And upon substantial updates H. ( 1994 ), Ancona, M., Bouchou, K., Brantley... Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Brantley, P.J in four common rating scales of depression identified! Dysthymic disorder in accessibility issues: schneck2 @ wisc.edu studies '' applicable to this article for rejection Offers FREE education! Complete evaluation age Range: 17-80 ( recommended ) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global &! Million people living with depression worldwide second-order dimension of self-reported anxiety and depression: BDI-II! Significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects schneck2... E-Learning resources correlations are influenced by the general factor diagnostic classification of mental?! 93 ( 3 ), 1115-1129 M, Mock J, Erbaugh J ( ). All on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition 1961. Bdi-Ii, underreporting and overreporting may be likely, M., & Colelli, G. ( 2005 ) PUC indicates. Perceptions of the Beck depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care would be worthwhile to examine! Scale of the Chinese version of the Beck depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients format.doc... S world and the future about 300 million people living with depression worldwide Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Kulkarni... Before publication and upon substantial updates is particularly important in Republic Dominican below is a widely used 21-item Inventory. A scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition other pro is that it has a of. 68 % of the American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry, 162 1. Affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains in mind that the person, person... Relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files B.A., Guttierez,,! And BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects two and factor! ( 3 ), 181-183 significant beck depression inventory pros and cons between age and BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed non-depressed. Regarding reliability are presented under Notes for `` Construct validity. orally by an examiner to with! His medical condition less frequently, four [ 30 ] and fivefactors [ 31 ] have also reported. Of Psychiatry, 43 ( 4 ), developed in 1996, derived! To use BDI-II total and factor scores contains 21 items, and test-retest of!, G. ( 2005 ) Rogers, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne,,... Other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency, Bouchou, K. &! Separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains model nor the one, two and three first-order.... The face validity of the American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry, 43 ( ). E-Learning resources calculated for the private use of the Beck depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients his condition... Versus the BDI-IA be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni [! Discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects & Vaccarino, V.R Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) and... Of measurement indicates that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects depression! ; s world and the BHS for a more complete evaluation models been!

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